Government by algorithm

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Algocracy
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Government by algorithm^[1] (also known as algorithmic regulation,^[2] regulation by algorithms, algorithmic governance,^[3] algocratic governance, algorithmic legal order or algocracy^[4]) is an alternative form of government or social ordering where the usage of computer algorithms is applied to regulations, law enforcement, and generally any aspect of everyday life such as transportation or land registration.^{[5][6][7][8][9]} The term "government by algorithm" has appeared in academic literature as an alternative for "algorithmic governance" in 2013.^[10] A related term, algorithmic regulation, is defined as setting the standard, monitoring and modifying behaviour by means of computational algorithms – automation of judiciary is in its scope.^[11] In the context of blockchain, it is also known as blockchain governance.^[12]

Government by algorithm raises new challenges that are not captured in the e-government literature and the practice of public administration.^[13] Some sources equate cyberocracy, which is a hypothetical form of government that rules by the effective use of information,^[14][15][16] with algorithmic governance, although algorithms are not the only means of processing information.^[17][18] Nello Cristianini and Teresa Scantamburlo argued that the combination of a human society and certain regulation algorithms (such as reputation-based scoring) forms a social machine.^[19]